Tax Changes and Key Amounts for the 2021 Tax Year
Americans are facing a long list of tax changes for the 2021 tax year. Smart taxpayers will start planning for them now.
Child Tax Credit:
The American Rescue Plan, which was enacted in March 2021, provides a dramatic, one-year expansion of the child tax credit for the 2021 tax year. One of the biggest changes is to the amount of the credit. For 2021, it jumps from $2,000 to $3,000 for most children – but to $3,600 for children 5 years old and younger. The extra amount ($1,000 or $1,600) is reduced – potentially to zero – for families with higher incomes, though. For people filing their tax return as a single person, the extra amount starts to phase-out if their adjusted gross income is above $75,000. The phase-out begins at $112,500 for head-of-household filers and $150,000 for married couples filing a joint return. The credit amount is further reduced under the pre-existing $200,000/$400,000 phase-out rules.
Another important change is that the 2021 credit is fully refundable. The $2,500-of-earned-income required is dropped for 2021, too. Children who are 17 years old also qualify for the 2021 credit.
Last but not least, half of the 2021 credit amount will be paid in advance through monthly payments starting on July 15. You’ll claim the other half of the credit on your 2021 tax return. You’ll also have to reconcile the monthly payments that you receive from the IRS in 2021 with the child tax credit that you are actually entitled to claim when you file your 2021 return. If the credit amount exceeds the total monthly payments, you can claim the excess credit on your return. But if the credit amount is less than the payments, you may or may not have to pay the excess back.
Although these enhancements only apply for the 2021 tax year, President Biden wants to extend most of them through 2025 and make the credit fully refundable on a permanent basis. However, whether that effort is ultimately successful remains to be seen.
Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit:
The American Rescue Plan also made significant improvements to the child and dependent care credit. But, again, the changes only apply to the 2021 tax year (although President Biden wants to make the enhancements permanent).
By way of comparison, the 2020 credit covered child and dependent care expenses for either (1) a dependent child under age 13 when the care was provided, or (2) a qualifying disabled dependent or spouse of any age that lived with you. The non-refundable credit was worth 20% to 35% of up to $3,000 in eligible expenses for one child/disabled person or $6,000 for two or more. The percentage decreased as income exceeded $15,000.
For 2021, the child and dependent care credit is fully refundable. The maximum credit percentage also jumps to 35% to 50%. More of your care expenses are available for the credit, too. For 2021, the credit is allowed for up to $8,000 in expenses for one child/disabled person and $16,000 for more than one. When the 50% maximum credit percentage is applied, that puts the top credit for the 2021 tax year at $4,000 if you have just one child/disabled person in your family and $8,000 if you have more.
In addition, the full child and dependent care credit will be allowed for families making less than $125,000 a year (instead of $15,000 per year). After that, the credit starts to phase-out. However, all families making between $125,000 and $438,000 will receive at least a partial credit.
Recovery Rebate Credit:
Americans were thrilled to learn that the American Rescue Plan Act authorized a third round of stimulus checks. Those checks were for $1,400, plus an additional $1,400 for each dependent in your family. However, some people didn’t receive that much (or anything) because the payments were phased out for joint filers with adjusted gross incomes above $150,000, head-of-household filers with an adjusted gross income (AGI) above $112,500, and single filers with an AGI above $75,000. In fact, third-round stimulus checks were reduced to zero if your AGI was above $160,000 (joint filers), $120,000 (head-of-household), or $80,000 (singles).
Unfortunately, some people who were eligible for a third-round stimulus check didn’t receive a payment or got less than what they should have received. For those people, relief may be available in the form of a 2021 tax credit known as the recovery rebate credit. Technically, your third stimulus check was an advance payment of the credit. So, when you file your 2021 return, you’ll have to reconcile the third stimulus check you received (if any) with the recovery rebate credit you’re entitled to claim. For most people, your third stimulus check payment will equal the tax credit allowed. In that case, your credit will be reduced to zero. However, if your third stimulus check was less than your credit amount, the tax you owe will be reduced by the difference (and you might even receive a refund). And if your third-round stimulus check was more than your credit amount, you won’t have to repay the difference to the IRS. (Also note that stimulus check payments are not taxable!)
Retirement Plans:
Required minimum distributions (RMDs) are back for 2021. Seniors were allowed to skip their RMDs in 2020 without having to pay a penalty. But the RMD suspension only applied for one year. So, anyone who is at least 72 years old by the end the year is required to take an RMD for 2021.
Many key dollar limits on retirement plans and IRAs remain the same for 2021. For example, the maximum contribution limits for 401(k), 403(b) and 457 plans stay at $19,500, while people born before 1972 can once again put in $6,500 more as a “catch-up” contribution. The 2021 cap on contributions to SIMPLE IRAs also stays the same at $13,500, plus an extra $3,000 for people age 50 and up.
The 2021 contribution limit for traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs also stays steady at $6,000, plus $1,000 as an additional catch-up contribution for individuals age 50 and up. However, the income ceilings on Roth IRA contributions went up. Contributions phase out in 2021 at adjusted gross incomes (AGIs) of $198,000 to $208,000 for couples and $125,000 to $140,000 for singles (up from $196,000 to $206,000 and $124,000 to $139,000, respectively, for 2020).
Deduction phaseouts for traditional IRAs also start at higher levels in 2021, from AGIs of $105,000 to $125,000 for couples and $66,000 to $76,000 for single filers (up from $104,000 to $124,000 and $65,000 to $75,000 for 20209). If only one spouse is covered by a plan, the phaseout zone for deducting a contribution for the uncovered spouse starts at $198,000 of AGI and ends at $208,000 (they were $196,000 and $206,000 for 2020).
Earned Income Tax Credit:
The American Rescue Plan expanded the 2021 EITC for childless workers in a few ways. First, it generally lowers the minimum age from 25 to 19 (except for certain full-time students). It also eliminates the maximum age limit (65), so older people without qualifying children can claim the 2021 credit, too. The maximum credit available for childless workers is also increased from $543 to $1,502 for the 2021 tax year. Expanded eligibility rules for former foster youth and homeless youth apply as well.
As with the 2020 EITC, you can also use your 2019 earned income instead of your 2021 income if that will boost your credit amount.
The enhancements described above are only for the 2021 tax year. However, there are also a few permanent EITC changes that take effect in 2021. For instance, workers who otherwise wouldn’t be able to claim the credit because their children can’t satisfy the identification requirements can now claim the childless EITC. Certain married but separated couples can now claim the EITC on separate tax returns, too. The limit on a worker’s investment income is also increased from $3,650 (for 2020) to $10,000 (adjusted for inflation after 2021).
Also note that President Biden wants to make the increase in the EITC parameters for workers without children and the expansion of age-eligibility permanent. Again, they only apply for the 2021 tax year right now.
Long-Term Capital Gains Tax Rates:
Tax rates on long-term capital gains (i.e., gains from the sale of capital assets held for at least one year) and qualified dividends did not change for 2021. However, the income thresholds to qualify for the various rates were adjusted for inflation.
In 2021, the 0% rate applies for individual taxpayers with taxable income up to $40,400 on single returns ($40,000 for 2020), $54,100 for head-of-household filers ($53,600 for 2020) and $80,800 for joint returns ($80,000 for 2020).
The 20% rate for 2021 starts at $445,851 for singles ($441,451 for 2020), $473,751 for heads of household ($469,051 for 2020) and $501,601 for couples filing jointly ($496,601 for 2020).
The 15% rate is for filers with taxable incomes between the 0% and 20% break points.
The 3.8% surtax on net investment income stays the same for 2021. It kicks in for single people with modified AGI over $200,000 and for joint filers with modified AGI over $250,000.
Note that President Biden wants long-term capital gains of anyone with an AGI of more than $1 million to be taxed at the ordinary income tax rates to the extent the person’s income exceeds $1 million ($500,000 for a married person filing a separate tax return).
Unemployment Compensation:
The American Rescue Plan Act made up to $10,200 of unemployment compensation ($20,400 for married couples filing jointly) exempt from federal income tax for households with an adjusted gross income less than $150,000 (refunds are being sent to people who filed their return before the exemption was enacted).
Unfortunately, the exemption only applied to unemployment compensation received in 2020. So, for 2021, Uncle Sam will once again fully tax unemployment compensation as if it were wages.
Charitable Gift Deductions:
For the 2020 tax year, a new “above-the-line” deduction was allowed for up to $300 of charitable cash contributions. Only people who claimed the standard deduction on their tax return (rather than claiming itemized deductions on Schedule A) could take this deduction.
The write-off was originally scheduled to expire after 2020, but it was later extended to 2021 – with one important enhancement. For 2020, one deduction was allowed per return, meaning married couples who filed jointly could only deduct $300, not $600. However, for 2021, one deduction is allowed per person, which means married couples can deduct up to $600 on a joint 2021 tax return.
The 2020 suspension of the 60%-of-AGI limit on deductions for cash donations by people who itemize was also extended through the 2021 tax year.
Student Loan Relief:
Normally, if a student loan is canceled, forgiven, or otherwise discharged for less than the amount you owe, the amount of canceled debt is considered taxable income. However, starting in 2021, this rule is suspended for most canceled student loan debt that was incurred for a post-secondary education. The change is only temporary, though. In 2026, forgiven student loan debt will once again be taxed.
The rule allowing workers to exclude up to $5,250 of college loans paid by their employer in 2020 from taxable wages was also extended through 2025. The $5,250 cap applies to both student loan repayment benefits and other educational assistance offered by an employer.
Adoption of a Child:
For 2021, the adoption credit can be taken on up to $14,440 of qualified expenses ($14,300 for 2020). The full credit is available for a special-needs adoption, even if it costs less. The credit begins to phase out for filers with modified AGIs over $214,520 and disappears at $254,520 ($214,520 and $254,520, respectively, for 2020).
The exclusion for company-paid adoption aid was also increased from $14,300 to $14,440 for 2021.
Estate & Gift Taxes:
The lifetime estate and gift tax exemption for 2020 jumped from $11.58 million to $11.7 million — $23.4 million for couples if portability is elected by timely filing IRS Form 706 after the death of the first-to-die spouse. The estate tax rate remains steady at 40%.
The gift tax exclusion remains $15,000 per recipient. So, you can give up to $15,000 ($30,000 if your spouse agrees) to each child, grandchild or any other person in 2021 without having to file a gift tax return or tap your lifetime estate and gift tax exemption.
Education Tax Breaks:
Unfortunately, the tuition and fees deduction has been repealed beginning with the 2021 tax year. That “above-the-line” write-off was worth up to $4,000.
However, to balance out the loss of the tuition and fees deduction, the phase-out thresholds for the lifetime learning credit were permanently increased. For the 2020 tax year, the credit was gradually reduced to zero for joint filers with a modified AGI from $118,000 to $138,000 and single filers with a modified AGI between $59,000 and $69,000. Beginning in 2021, the phase-out range for married couples filing a joint return is $160,000 to $180,000, and it’s $80,000 to $90,000 for single filers. (The same phase-out ranges apply to the American Opportunity tax credit.)
The income caps are also higher in 2021 for tax-free EE bonds used for education. The exclusion starts phasing out above $124,800 of modified AGI for couples and $83,200 for others ($123,550 and $82,350 for 2020). It ends at modified AGI of $154,800 and $98,200, respectively ($153,550 and $97,350 for 2020). The savings bonds must be redeemed to help pay for tuition and fees for college, graduate school or vocational school for the taxpayer, spouse or a dependent.
Americans Working Abroad:
U.S. taxpayers working abroad have a larger income exclusion in 2021. It jumped from $107,600 for 2020 to $108,700 for 2021. (Taxpayers claim the foreign earned income exclusion on Form 2555.)
The standard ceiling on the foreign housing exclusion is also increased from $15,064 to $15,218 for 2021 (although overseas workers in many high-cost locations around the world qualify for a significantly higher exclusion).
Payroll Taxes:
The Social Security annual wage base is $142,800 for 2021 (that’s a $5,100 hike from 2020). The Social Security tax rate on employers and employees stays at 6.2%. Both workers and employers continue to pay the 1.45% Medicare tax on all compensation in 2021, with no cap. Workers also pay the 0.9% Medicare surtax on 2021 wages and self-employment income over $200,000 for singles and $250,000 for couples. The surtax doesn’t hit employers, though.
In August 2020, Donald Trump issued an executive memorandum allowing employers to suspend the collection and payment of Social Security payroll taxes from September 1 until the end of 2020 for workers making less than $4,000 for any bi-weekly pay period (i.e., $2,000 per week, or $104,000 per year). The president’s action didn’t eliminate the tax debt — it just delayed withholding and payment of the tax — and it was optional. If your employer suspended payroll taxes in 2020, it must collect the deferred taxes from your paycheck by December 31, 2021. So, during 2021, some workers will have more withheld from their paychecks for the 6.2% Social Security tax.
The nanny tax threshold went up to $2,300 for 2021, which was a $100 increase from 2020.
Standard Mileage Rates:
The 2021 standard mileage rate for business driving fell from 57.5¢ to 56¢ a mile. The mileage allowance for medical travel and military moves also declined from 17¢ to 16¢ a mile in 2021. However, the charitable driving rate stayed put at 14¢ a mile — it’s fixed by law.
Long- Term Care Insurance Premiums:
The limits on deducting long-term care insurance premiums are higher in 2021. Taxpayers who are age 71 or older can write off as much as $5,640 per person ($5,430 for 2020). Filers age 61 to 70 can deduct up to $4,520 ($4,350 for 2020). Anyone who is 51 to 60 can deduct up to $1,690 ($1,630 for 2020). For people age 41 to 50, the max is $850 ($810 for 2020). Finally, for whippersnappers age 40 and younger, it’s $450 ($430 for 2020). For most, long-term care premiums are medical expenses deductible only by itemizers on Schedule A. However, self-employed people can deduct them on Schedule 1 of the 1040.
Health Savings Accounts (HSAs):
The annual cap on deductible contributions to health savings accounts (HSAs) rose in 2021 from $3,550 to $3,600 for self-only coverage and from $7,100 to $7,200 for family coverage. People born before 1967 can put in $1,000 more (same as for 2020).
Qualifying insurance policies must limit out-of-pocket costs in 2021 to $14,000 for family health plans ($13,800 in 2020) and $7,000 for people with individual coverage ($6,900 in 2019). Minimum policy deductibles remain at $2,800 for families Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs) and $1,400 for individuals.
Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs):
Health and dependent care flexible spending accounts (FSAs) generally run on an annual use-it-or-lose-it basis. There are limits to the amount you can contribute each year, too. However, because of difficulties some families faced when trying to use and manage their FSAs during the pandemic, some temporary rules were put in place to add even more flexibility to FSAs. For example, instead of losing unused FSA funds at the end of the year, employers can modify their FSA plans to allow a worker’s unused funds from 2020 to be used in 2021 and unused funds from 2021 to be used in 2022.
As an alternative, employers are permitted to extend the grace period for using FSA funds after the end of the year. Normally, FSA plans can offer a grace period of up to 2½ months (i.e., to March 15). However, a grace period of up to 12 months is allowed for using 2020 and 2021 FSA funds.
Unused amounts carried over from a prior year or available during an extended grace period won’t be taken into account in determining the annual contribution limit for the following year. That means the funds that continue to be available are still excluded from the employee’s taxable income if used for dependent care expenses.
Workers can also contribute more to a dependent care FSA in 2021. Instead of the normal $5,000-per-year limit on tax-free contributions, a family can sock away up to $10,500 in a dependent care FSA in 2021 without paying tax on the contributions.
Employers are also allowed to extend the maximum age of eligible dependents from 12 to 13 for dependent care FSAs for unused amounts from the 2020 plan year carried over into 2021.
Premium Tax Credit:
The premium tax credit helps eligible Americans cover the premiums for health insurance purchased through an Obamacare exchange (e.g., HealthCare.gov). The American Rescue Plan enhanced the credit for 2021 and 2022 to lower premiums for people who buy coverage on their own. First, it increases the credit amount for eligible taxpayers by reducing the percentage of annual income that households are required to contribute toward the premium. It also allows the credit to be claimed by people with an income above 400% of the federal poverty line.
In addition, when insurance is purchased through an exchange, eligible people can choose to have an estimated credit amount paid in advance to their insurance company so that less money comes out of their own pocket to pay monthly premiums. Then, when they complete their tax return, the calculated credit is compared it to the advance payments. If the advance payments are greater than the actual allowable credit, the difference (subject to certain repayment caps) must be paid back either by subtracting the difference from a tax refund or adding it to the tax owed. The American Rescue Plan suspended the repayment of excess advanced payments of the premium tax credit…but only for the 2020 tax year. So, advance payments in 2021 that exceed the credit amount on your 2021 tax return will have to be repaid.
Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT):
There’s good news for anyone worried about getting hit with the alternative minimum tax: AMT exemptions ticked upward for 2021. They increased from $113,400 to $114,600 for couples and from $72,900 to $73,600 for single filers and heads of household. The phaseout zones for the exemptions start at higher income levels as well — $1,047,200 for couples and $523,600 for singles and household heads ($1,036,800 and $518,400, respectively, for 2020).
In addition, the 28% AMT tax rate kicked in a bit higher in 2021 — above $199,900 of alternative minimum taxable income. The rate applied to AMTI over $197,900 for 2020.
Self-Employed People:
If you’re self-employed, there are some additional 2021 tax law changes that could impact your bottom line. For example, a key dollar threshold on the 20% deduction for pass-through income was increased for 2021. Self-employed people and owners of LLCs, S corporations and other pass-through entities can deduct 20% of their qualified business income, subject to limitations for individuals with taxable incomes in excess of $329,800 for joint filers and $164,900 for others ($326,600 and $163,300, respectively, for 2020).
In addition, tax credits that were allowed in 2020 for self-employed people who couldn’t work for a reason that would have entitled them to pandemic-related sick or family leave if they were an employee have been extended to cover leave through September 30, 2021. The number of days for which self-employed people can claim the credit for family leave was also increased from 50 to 60, and the 10-day limit on the maximum number of days for which a self-employed person can claim the sick leave credit was reset to begin again on January 1, 2021.
Other changes that self-employed Americans need to know about include:
- The deduction for business meals is increased from 50% to 100% for 2021 and 2022;
- Self-employment taxes cannot be deferred in 2021 as they were in 2020; and
- The $250,000 cap on deductible business losses ($500,000 for joint filers) is back in play after being suspended for the 2018 to 2020 tax years.